So... The Atomic Mass of Candium & Pennium (:

Candium                          

• So.... What is the Purpose of This Lab?

Well if you can't tell from the title... its to find out the concept of atomic mass.  And of course to analyze and observe the isotopes of "Candium"- Pieces of candy.

• And.... What Do We Need For This Exaclty?

1. A Brain.... lol tee hee. I know this might be hard for some of you but.... (:
2. A sample of the Canduim - (in our case, we used Everlasting Gobstoppers, Sixlets, M & M's, and Skittles)
3. A triple beam balance 
4. A notebook and a pencil to jot down the fantasmical information that you will be given in this lab
5. If your brain isn't working, might i suggest a calculator.... (don't worry, i used one, too!)

• Now, Um.... How Do We Do This?

I'm glad you asked.  Here are the steps to find the atomic mass.

1. Obtain the samples of Candium
2. Seperate it into the correct isotopes. (All the Skittles together, all the Sixlets together etc.)
3. Count the number of each isotope.
4. Record the data and calculations in a data table the data table must include:

• The average mass of each isotope
• Percent abundance of each isotope
• Relative abundance of each isotope
• Relative mass of each isotope
• Average mass of all isotopes

This data table you must create should have five columns and seven rows (:

Candy               Mass          Average mass   % Abundance        Relative Ab.       Relative Mass            

Gobs.       21.10g       1.60g         14.8%             13              1.95 CMU

M&M's          27.00g                .87g              32%                  31                       1.06 CMU

Sixlets       22.10g            .82g              29%             27                 1.00 CMU   

Skittles     24.00g       1.04g             24%            23               1.26 CMU

            

You have passed the first lab... But wait young grasshopper... Another lab awaits....

PENNIUM LAB (:

Most elements consist of a mixture of 2 or more naturally occurring isotopes. If you don't know already, isotopes are atoms of an element that vary because they have different mass numbers, and numbers of nuetrons)

Now....pretend that you have an element called "pennium"( really it is only a bunch of pennies). Through comparing the masses of the "penny atoms" you will see how many different Pennuim isotopes are in the bag full of pennies. You will then determine the average atomic mass of Pennuim using the following equation: ( average mass of isotope #1)*(percent abundance of isotope #1)+(average mass of isotope #2)*(percent abundance of isotope #2). Wow! That is a lot!
Next, you will choose another element (five centium) to be the accepted mass standard to which all of the other atoms are compared for mass. You'll use the mass of a nickel( the fivecentuim) to determine the relative mass of Pennium, Dimeuim, quarteruim, adn Halfdollium. All relative masses will be expressed in CMU (Coin Mass Units)!

If you read all that and are still reading, you will make it through this lab!!

Objective:

• Investigate the concept of atomic mass and how it was derived
• Develop you own unit of measure (CMU) and use it to measure the relative masses of other coins
• At the end of this lab, you will be able to explain how scientists developed the system for AMU's (atomic mass units) & how it is applied to determine the relative masses of other atoms of other elements

Hypothesis: The penny isotopes vary because each penny has a different mass. The pennies have also changed since before 1982.

Procedure:  Part 1!

1. Obtain a packet of pennies
2. sort the pennies into 2 groups: pre-1982 & 1982 and newer
3. measure the mass (in grams) of each stack of pennies. Record the mass of each penny stack in a data table. Count the number of pennies in each stack.
4. Measure the mass in grams of a half dollar, quarter, nickel, and dime. Record these values in a data table
5. Answer the questions below and then continue with part 1.

Questions: Part 1

1. Does each penny have the same mass? No
2. Can you identify 2 "penny isotopes" based on masses of the pennies? Explain.  Yes because the pennies vary in mass -- mass numbers
3. What does your data tell you about the relationship between mass of a penny and date of a penny. Make a generalization. Well... the the mass of a penny has risen since the pennies that are "pre-1982".

Info after Part 1:

              Coin                        Relative Abundance                Mass      

  Pre-1982                         10 pennies                         27.50g

 Post-1982                        10 pennies                        27.90g

 Quarter                                   1                                  5.65g

 Nickel                                     1                                    .65g

 Dime                                       1                                  2.10g

Part 2:

Procedures:

1. Determine the average mass of pre-1982 pennies. 2.75g
2. Determine the average mass of post-1982 pennies. 2.79g
3. Determine the percentage of the mass number in each group of pennies that you have. What you have just added up is the percent abundance of each group of pennies (penny isotopes). Each 50%
4. Choose one of your coins to make it your CMU (coin mass unit). Let's say that the mass of a nickel is one CMU. Use the mass of the nickel to calculate the mass of the other coins. Show results in a data table.
5. Determine the average mass of Pennuim in CMU's using the percent abundance of each pennuim isotope and the mass of each pennium isotope in CMUs. 2.77g

Questions: Part 2:

1. Make a statement about the average penny mass of pre-1982, post-1982, and pennies in the packet. The average mass of the post-82 pennies to the pre-1982 was just slightly higher.
2. Explain how you derived the unit "CMU".  Well... You use the mass of one coin to find what the other coins were relative to it! -- Relative Abundance 
3. How did scientists obtain the Atomic Mass Unit to measure the mass of atoms of different elements? They compared it to other elements that they knew the atomic mass of.
4. What is you weight in CMU's? If a man weighs 300 lbs. I have a .433 relative abundance compared to his weight. 
5. Write a statement that compares what you did in this lab to what scientists have done to find the average atomic mass of elements. I compared coins to other coins; they compared the atomic mass of elements to other elements. 

Info from Part 2:

Coin                Mass            Relative Abundance
Nickel               4.65g                      1.00 CMU

Quarter             5.65g                      1.22 CMU

Dime                 2.10g                        .45 CMU

Pre-82 penny     2.50g                       .54 CMU

Post-82 penny     3.10g                        .67 CMU


     

After this lab, you should be able to the atomic mass of the "candium" and the Average mass of "pennuim".

Hey So...

We kinda screwed up I guess... not really sure how but whatever... our Chemistry Copper Sulfate lab can be found here... :)

 COPPER SULFATE LAB :)

Bubble Lab

In this lab we are experimenting with the effects of adding sugar (sucrose) and salt ( sodium chloride) to a regular bubble mixture to see how it makes the bubbles react. 


In this lab, you will learn what the effects of adding sugar and table salt to a mixture for bubbles. 
The purpose of this lab is to test the hypothesis that bubble making can be affected by adding sugar or salt to a bubble-blowing mixture. 


The materials you will need is: 

• 3 plastic drinking cups
• liquid dish detergent
• measuring cups and spoons
• drinking straws
• water
• table sugar and table salt

Procedure: 

1. Label 3 drinking cups 1, 2, and 3.
2. Measure and add 1 tsp. of liquid detergent to each cup.
3. Use the measuring cup to add 2/3 cup of water to each drinking cup.
4. Then swirl the cups to form a clear mixture. 
5. Add a 1/2 tsp. of table sugar to cup 2.
6. Add a 1/2 tsp. of table salt to cup 3. 
7. Stir each cup for 1 min.
8. Dip the drinking straw into cup 1. Remove it and blow gently into the straw to make the largest bubble you can. 
9. Repeat step 8 with the mixtures of cup 2 and 3. 

Results: 
After completing the Bubble lab, we found the outcome of adding sugar(sucrose) and salt (sodium chloride) to the bubble mixture. When we added the sugar, it had bigger bubbles. The salt mixture could hardly produce bubbles at all.  

All in all, this lab was fascinating and i would recommend doing this as a fun experiment!!!!